Дедукция – это процесс принятия решения или ответа путем обдумывания известного факта или принятого решения. Знаменитый Шерлок Холмс использовал этот метод, чтобы найти преступников.
Modals of deduction: что это такое и как употреблять
Некоторые из нас используют этот метод в повседневной жизни для составления заключений на родном языке. Мы также используем дедукцию в английском языке. Есть даже список модальных глаголов, которые называются модальными глаголами дедукции (modals of deduction) – их мы и обсудим в этой статье.
Modals of deduction в настоящем времени
PRESENT. Мы используем модальные глаголы дедукции, чтобы сказать, насколько мы уверены в чем-то. Глаголы дедукции в настоящем времени: must, might, may, could, can't.
- Мы используем must, когда уверены, что что-то верно, потому что есть очень веские доказательства:
He must live near here because he comes to work on foot. (We don’t know where he lives but we’re sure it’s not far away)
You are a computer programmer? It must be well-paid job.
- Мы используем might, may или could, когда мы думаем, что что-то возможно, но мы не уверены:
What do you know about him? He might be a reserved person.
They may be late on meeting.
Don't eat it! It could be poisoned!
-
Мы используем can't / couldn't, когда предполагаем, что что-то не так:
She can't be a mother, she's only 14!
He can't be in prison, I saw him yesterday in a pub.
They couldn't be in a library. It's closed today.
Все модальные глаголы дедукции в настоящем зависят от того, насколько вы уверены в факте.
PRESENT
|
You're 100% sure Mike IS at home. |
• Mike must be at home. |
|
You're 50% sure Mike IS at home. |
• Mike may /might /could be at home. |
|
You're 100% sure Mike ISN'T at home. |
• Mike can't be at home. |
Структура всех modals of deduction в настоящем времени одинакова:
Affirmative: Subject + modal + V1 (bare Infinitive)
Interrogative: Modal + subject + V1 (bare Infinitive)?
Negative: No + subject + modal + not + V1 (bare Infinitive)
Modals of deduction в прошлом времени
PAST. Структура модальных глаголов в прошлом другая, но смысл очень похож (просто относится к прошлому):
- Must + have Ved/3 – мы уверены, что что-то произошло в прошлом:
Where is my wallet?! Someone must have stolen it!
You're soaked. It must have been raining outside.
- Might, may, could + have Ved/3 – мы думаем, что что-то было возможно, но мы не уверены:
The thieves might have escaped by car but we can’t be sure.
He should be hour by now. He may have been delayed by a traffic jam or something.
I can’t find my purse. I could have left it in the supermarket but I just don’t know.
|
Modal |
Possibility |
Example |
|
may have |
possible (50%) |
I suppose the internet may have changed the way we read forever |
|
might have |
less certain (33%) |
It's possible that e-readers might have changed our reading habits permanently |
|
could have |
less certain (33%) |
The traditional newspaper could have become a thing of the past |
- Can't, couldn't + have Ved/3 – мы уверены, что ничего не произошло в прошлом:
I thought I saw John in town this morning but it can’t have been him – he’s in Greece this week.
I can’t have left it in the supermarket – I had it on the bus on the way home.
You can’t have read the instructions properly. They’re perfectly clear.
Как вы можете видеть в приведенных выше примерах, структура modals of deduction прошедшего времени следующая:
Affirmative: Subject + modal + have V3/ed
Interrogative: Modal + subject + have V3/ed ?
Negative: No + subject + modal + not + have V3/ed
Вот таблица с модальными глаголами дедукции из нашей рубрики Visual Grammar для вас:
|
Modals of deduction |
|
|
PRESENT |
PAST |
|
Somebody is knocking on the door! Who is that? |
Somebody has eaten my hot dog. Who was that? |
|
It must be John. He promised to visit me today. |
It must have been Tom. |
|
We use MUST when we feel sure that something is true because there’s very strong evidence. |
We use MUST + perfect infinitive when we feel sure about something in the past. |
|
It might/may/could be Jehovah’s Witness. They often go door to door. |
It might/may/could have been Jane. |
|
We use MIGHT, MAY or COULD to say that we think something is possible but we’re not sure. |
We use MIGHT, MAY or COULD with the perfect infinitive to say that we think something was possible but we aren’t sure. |
|
It can’t be Sarah. She is in Green Forest now. |
It can’t/couldn’t have been Lisa. |
|
We use CAN’T when we feel sure something is not true. |
We use CAN’T/COULDN’T + perfect infinitive when we feel sure something didn’t happen in the past. |
|
It might not/may not be Lisa. |
It might not/may not have been Helen. If I’m not mistaken she wasn’t hungry. |
|
We use MIGHT NOT, MAY NOT to say that we think something isn’t possible but we’re not sure. |
We use MIGHT NOT, MAY NOT with the perfect infinitive to say that we think something wasn’t possible but we’re not sure. |
Больше примеров и упражнений для практики вы можете найти здесь:
- Modals of Deduction Exercise (ESL Lounge)
- Modals (deduction) practice (Tiny TEFL Teacher)
- Past Modal Verbs of Deduction Exercise (Autoenglish)
- Intermediate grammar exercise: modal verbs for present probability – must, can’t, could, may, might (SpeakSpeak)
- Present Modals for Deduction (Exam English)
Надеемся, ваша статья навела вас на размышления!
М. ПЛОЩАДЬ УКРАИНСКИХ ГЕРОЕВ,
