Навряд чи, спілкуючись рідною мовою, вам доводиться думати про те, що існують дієслова на позначення діяльності, руху, інші - на позначення буття у часі та просторі ; що окрему категорію складають дієслова, що позначають психічні та емоційні стани людини. Такими питаннями задаються хіба що філологи і то лише під час написання своїх наукових праць. Для людей,які використовують мову на інтуїтивному рівні, такі слова, як танцювати, любити, хвилюватися різняться лише за значенням, але точно не за належністю до тієї чи іншої лексико-семантичної групи. Можливо, тому молодому чоловіку з офісу на Грушевського,якого мені днями довилось зустріти, не зрозуміла різниця між такими вживаннями дієслова THINK:
What about English? Its verbs are classified into two categories: DYNAMIC (ACTION) VERBS and STATIVE VERBS.
But two areas are still confusing for English language learners. The first is that some words can be used in progressive forms and in stative forms. For example, “I have a car.” I can’t say, “I’m having a car.” But I can say, “I’m having a party tonight.” Different meanings.
HERE IS A LIST OF RELATIONAL VERBS:
belong to concern consist of contain cost |
depend on deserve equal fit have include |
involve lack matter need owe own |
possess require resemble seem sound |
Perception Verbs (Дієслова на позначення відчуттів) are verbs that can form a continuous form but with the change in the regular meaning.
The same is with TASTE.
TASTE
SEE has also different meaning when used with continuous tenses:
Example | Form | Meaning |
I see | Simple Present | I understand |
I see him now | Simple Present | I see him with my eyses |
I am seeing images | Present Continuous | Mental illness |
I am seeing my dentist tonight | Present Continuous | Appointment |
She has been seeing him for 3 months | Present Continuous | Dating |
Cognition Verbs (Дієслова на позначення пізнання та сприйняття) are verbs that may not form a continuous tense at all or when they are used in a continuous form their regular meaning changes.
adore astonish believe desire detest disklike |
doubt forgive hate imagine impress intend |
know like love mean mind percieve |
please prefer realize recall recognize regard satisfy suppose understand |
Here is a list of cognition verbs that form a continuous form with a change in meaning:
FEEL
Example | Form | Meaning |
I am not feeling well | Continuous | Healthy/unhealthy |
I feel good | Simple Present | Expresses a mood |
I am feeling the fabric | Present Continuous | I'm touching it |
It feels soft | Simple Present | It is soft |
THINK
Example | Form | Meaning |
I think it's a good idea | Simple Present | Opinion |
I am thinking about the exam |
Present Continuous
|
Mental process |
HAVE
Example | Form | Meaning |
I have a car | Simple Present | Possession |
I am having a good time |
Present Continuous |
Not a possession |
Other verbs which have different meaning when used in continuous form are:
weigh - Action: The butcher is weighing the meat now. State: This meat weighs six kilograms.
fit - Action: This dress fits me very well. State: The carpet layers are fitting the new carpet downstairs (meaning installing or putting together).
look - Action: Why are you looking at me like this? State: She looks really great today. (She has a certain look).
be - is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’
State: You are stupid = it’s part of your personality.
Action: You are being stupid = only now, not usually.
TASK.
In the following McDonald's commercial you’ll find usages of both Stative and Dynamic verbs. Please, watch it and write them down. Then explain why they are stative or dynamic. Pay attention to the verbs THINK and LOOK. Good luck!