Англійська граматика: Pronouns

Це дуже важлива частина мови - як інакше сказати "Я тебе люблю?"

I love you. I - це pronoun, you - це теж pronoun. Ось бачите, важлива тема!

Отже, давайте розберемося, які є pronouns.

Subject pronouns
Ми їх використовуємо замість subject. 
I am happy.
You are hungry. 

You and I are subject pronouns. По суті це займенники в називному відмінку.
Які ви ще знаєте subject pronouns? 

• I – я (I like this blog )
• You – ти або ви  (You are reading this right now)
• He – він  (He is quite handsome)
• She – вона (She is so cute!)
• It – воно (все неживое и животные – cat, dog, paper) It’s my dog.
• They – вони (They are listening to an interesting story)
• We – ми (We study English together)

Object pronouns
Займенники в непрямих відмінках - це object pronouns.
Тобто Він любить горіхи - He likes nuts - це subject pronoun (he)
А якщо Я люблю ЙОГО - його - це непрямий відмінок, це object pronoun (him): I love him. 

Як сказати:

1. Ти бачиш мене?
2. Він говорить з нею кожен день?
3. Хочеш піти з нами? 

Here are the answers:

1. Do you see me? (me – object, you – subject)
2. Does he talk to her every day? (her – object, he – subject)
3. Do you want to go with us? (you – subject, us – object)

Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns

Коли щось комусь належить, ми використовуємо possessive adjectives. 
This is Jane’s car.
This is HER car.
Her – це possessive adjective. Після possessive adjectives we have nouns.

Якщо ми хочемо сказати - Це моя машина, а це - її, то ми розуміємо, що її МАШИНА. Але ми не хочемо знову говорити машина.
Тому ми говоримо так: 
This is my car, and this is hers. Hers = her car. Hers – це possessive pronoun. Адже pronoun - це займенник, а коли у нас є займенник то noun вже не потрібен. Після possessive pronoun не використовують noun. 

It’s my cat. This cat is mine.
This is his house. This house is his.

• Перша колонка - subject pronouns. Займенники в прямому відмінку.
• Друга колонка - object pronouns. Займенники в непрямих відмінках.
• Третя колонка - possessive adjectives. Після них ми використовуємо nouns.
• Четверта колонка - possessive pronouns. Після них ми не використовуємо nouns. 

There are some other pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.

• This – щось в однині (близько). This apple is very tasty. This is very tasty.
• These – багато, близько. These apples are very good. These are very good.
• That – одне, далеко. That apple is green. That is green.
• Those – багато, далеко. Those apples were very expensive. Those were expensive.

Далеко і близько може бути не тільки в просторі, але і в часі. 
I was very happy that day. That day – день колись далеко, той день.

Interrogative pronouns – for questions

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions about a person or a thing.

For example:
1. Who did this? (хто це зробив?)
2. Whom did you meet? (Кого ти зустрів?)
3. What did you buy? (що ти купив?)
4. Which sweater should I wear? (Який светр мені одягнути?) – Which usually means that we have a specific group to choose from. I have three sweaters, and I’m asking which one from this group I should wear.
5. Whose book is this? (Чия це книга?)

Reflexive pronouns

Compare:

• John saw me in the mirror.
• I saw myself in the mirror.

We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object are the same.
He saw himself, she sent herself a copy of the document.

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

Sometimes we use “each other” – один одного. We helped each other - ми допомагали один одному. We can also use "one another", it means the same thing. They love one another. Вони кохають один одного. These words are called “reciprocal pronouns”.

Relative pronouns

We use them in relative clauses:

• Who – people (Lily is the woman who wrote that wonderful book.)
• Which – things and animals (The cat which I saw last week was my neighbor’s.)
• Whose – for possessions (The policeman whose job it was to arrest him, could only watch.)
• Where – place, area, room etc. (I know the place where they first met.)
• When – time, day, year etc. (1980 is the year when I went to college.)

Sometimes, we say “that” instead of “which”. This is the book that I told you about.

Practice makes perfect! Don’t forget to do these exercises:
1. Subject pronouns: http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns.htm
2. Object pronouns: http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns3.htm
3. Subject or object? http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns5.htm
4. Possessive adj and pronouns: http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/possessive_pronouns2.htm
5. Who/which/whose: http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns.htm
6. Reflexive pronouns: http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/self_each_other.htm
Good luck!